Toothpaste Industry in India Essay Example for Free

Toothpaste Industry in India Essay The toothpaste market in India is estimated at 7000 crores with a CAGR of approximately 12% between the 2008-2013 timeframe. The toothpaste (or in general, the oral care) industry is marked by: Low Bargaining Power of Suppliers owing to commoditized raw materials High Bargaining Powers of Customers owing to low switching costs and high number of options. High Rivalry amongst players owing to multi-player nature of the industry with frequent product launches. Medium Threat of New Entrants owing to high barriers of distribution network setup costs countered by large number of FMCG players. Low Threat of Substitutes since toothpastes are marked from completion from tree barks usage and toothpowder usage which have steadily declined in the new millennium. Given the above industry structure, the toothpaste industry is marked by steady and comfortable margins. Analyzing the demand drivers, the customers purchase toothpastes that are easily available and those they can trust for oral care solutions. Therefore, the key success drivers for the industry are marked by competencies in Branding, Distribution, and Dental research. In this industry, 4 companies occupy more than 80% of the market share. These are: Colgate-Palmolive India (48% market by value: distribution reach to 4.64 million retail outlets) Hindustan Unilever (20% market by value: Dabur India (11% market by value: FMCG distribution reach to 5.8 million retail outlets) GlaxoSmithKline (4.3% market by value: distribution reach to approx. 1 million retail outlets) The toothpaste industry is further sub-categorized into 6 segments comprising Regular, Whitening, Gel, Salt, Herbal, and Sensitive. The market share occupied by the 6 sub-categories is provided in Figure 1 as below. Due to low switching costs involved in purchase of toothpaste, the success factors in positioning follow the Hoteling Model/Median Voter Theoremwherein the regular toothpastes that offer benefits for the largest set of customers attain the highest market share and usage.

Russian-japanese War :: essays research papers

The Russian-Japanese war of 1904 was a European conflict that was fought because one country was becoming too strong. The conflict was mainly fought because two separate countries had their own special interests in far east countries like Korea, China, and Manchuria. Britain and Japan recognized the independance of China and Korea, but at the same time authorized each other to intervene in either territory if their own "special interests" were threatened by another power or by internal disorder. That power was now Russia. There was already a rivalry going on between Britain and Russia because of the Trans-Siberian railway but now there was another dimension. Russia now had access to the pacific. Her presence in Asia threatened already established Britain interests. China leased the ice-free Port Arthur to Russia and allowed them to store their war ships there. The two empires were set on a collision course. Britain was very reluctant to commit herself to a distant threat of war so she took a step to allying herself with the growing industrial power of Japan. In doing so, Britain found her soldiers in the east. At this time Russia failed to realize how powerful Britain and Japan had made themselves. Russia was unable to take Japan seriously even though they had many reports on how large the Japanese naval and military forces were. Unfortunately, Russia's constant penetration into Korea and Manchuria continued unabated despite the presence of numbers of Japanese immagrants and traders. Russia had succeeded in replacing the now defunct Chinese influence with her own. Russia now began taking over the administrative departments and had their officers train the Korean army to fight on their side. In April, May, and June of 1903, Russian's had told the Japanese that they would move out of China. They did not and continued to occupy the land. In July of the that same year, the Japanese Ambassador proposed that Russia and Japan were to recognize the independance of China and Korea. Both nations were to rcognize preponderance, the Japanese in Korea balanced by russians in Manchuria. They were to recall their troops from their respective area as soon as possible. In return, the Russians would protect the railways in Manchuria and the Japanese would do the same in Korea. It came to the attention of the Japanese that the Russians were building up their naval and military forces in the far east. They were also moving troops not only into Manchuria, but also into North Korea. It now became obvious to the Japnese that the Russians had no intention of releasing their hold on Manchuria and Korea. Nevertheless, the negotiations went on. On February 10th, 1904, both nations produced formal declarations of war. On February 8th, a large part of the Russian Pacific squadron lat anchor in

The Last Samurai Being a Favorite Movie

The movie The Last Samurai was not only a great fighting action movie but it also touched on human spirituality, cultural, lifestyle difference and the effect of Japanese culture on a western man. The movie was created in 2003 and takes place in Jap in the 1860s. An American military advisor is embraces the samurai culture that he was hired to destroy after being capture. The battle scenes in The Last Samurai are accurate to how the samurai fought back then from weapons to battle strategies.The warrior strategies of the samurai were determined in part by the weapons that were being used as was the topography of the battle site where the fight was being conducted. They would use up close cavalry for open plains battle, while having archers in the mountains that were better suited for the forest and rocky terrains. They are able to combine these two ways to conduct long range and up close melee attacks during a battle. There are two completely different cultures that clash throughout t he movie.You have the Japanese old Samurai culture that hasn't changed for hundreds of years. Then there is the still new western American culture that Japan is trying to adapt into. The Japanese Samurai culture has always has great discipline and lived by the code of Bushido. Bushido has seven virtues to it which are, Duty or also known as Right Action, Courage, Benevolence, Morality, Truthfulness, Honor and Loyalty. They would live everyday disciplining themselves to this and believed so highly in it that if they disgraced themselves they would commit Seppuku which is taking their own life.While you have the new still forming western culture of America where people were more selfish greedy and wild instead of discipline. They strongly believed in growing stronger through selling or trading and expanding their reaches across the globe. In the beginning of the movie you will see the main character Major Nathan Algeren of the united states army who is sadden, angry and a personal los t of oneself. He despises himself so much that he has to lose himself every night in a bottle of alcohol hoping and wishing someone will release him from his pain by killing him.When he is capture by the same people he was suppose destroy, he is then able to see and study the way of how another culture lives. He eventually takes part in the ways of the Samurai and experiences the mysterious culture of his enemy. By keeping an open mind and fully taking in what he learned from the different culture of his enemies he is able to find a peace within himself that he has never felt before and a new path of life that he can follow happily with no regrets.The movie does have awesome historical accurate battle scenes but it also has a deeper story about how a different culture that can seem strange at first effect someone in a good way. Major Nathan Algeren was an unstable person that thought he didn't deserve to live but was able to find a peace that he never imagined through learning and e xperiencing a different culture that he use to refer to as primitive. It's just like the quote â€Å"never judge a book by its cover†.

Does Globalization Diminish Cultural Differences - 3759 Words

Giorgia Frizzi, 23rd July 2010 Globalization, Localization, Glocalization Research Paper. Does globalization weaken cultural diversity or does it foster it? Effects of Globalization in Cultural differentiation 1. Introduction. As some of us may know, the term â€Å"globalize† started being used in the modern times. However globalization as an idea has been brought up since even before the 1500’s when people started forming connections between communities, and therefore creating forms of communication, migration and such between these. And it is probably from these examples that in the modern era we came to call it Globalization which is known for being a process of integration between cultures, societies, economies, etc. Nonetheless,†¦show more content†¦Websters Third New International Dictionary (Gove, 2000) defines culture as the total pattern of human behavior and its products embodied in speech, action, and artifacts and dependent upon mans capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations. I believe that nowadays culture is no longer perceived as some sort of knowledge system we got from our ancestors. Indeed many anthropologists and socialists now per ceive culture as the ideas, attributes and expectations that change as people react to changing situations. Indeed, in the 21st century , technology has increased the velocity of social change. For instance the internet and fast communication in general are pretty much destroying cultural boundaries and they are creating the possibility of a global culture. In these regards McLuhan (1962: p.31) coined the term global village in the 60s referring to the globalization of media. McLuhan shows how the world has turned into a village thanks to electric technology that brings all social functions together and makes us all more aware of our global responsibility. On the other hand it has been considerably argued that globalization might instead foster cultural diversity and give more space to local cultures. Roland Robertson suggests by using the term Glocalization, that locality and with it cultural diversity may be strengthened thanks to globalization. More specifically he describes for instance the process of aShow MoreRelatedIs Globalization Diminishing The Presence Of Nationalism?1334 Words   |  6 Pages2014 Is Globalization Diminishing the Presence of Nationalism? As a kid I was taught to question everything and to think for myself. For that reason, I questioned how the world operates. During my time, globalization has been the major factor contributing to changes in our society. We are slowly becoming a close nit network of countries with the common goals of becoming a world superpower, financially rich, and multicultural. The modern world has seen a dramatic increase in globalization such asRead MoreGlobalization Is An Inexorable Integration Of Markets844 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization has been a contentious buzzword for a long time in our society, but there are two sides to every coin. For some it is a luminous path towards progress and the key to a better world. To others it is a cruel, soulless monster that will destroy cultures and enslave millions. Apparently, Most of the world benefitted from the beginnings of globalization. However, Ellwood and Legrain suggest that corporations might link the world more closely with shrinking su pply chain. As trade becomesRead MoreEssay about Globalization: The Myth of Cultural Imperialism1289 Words   |  6 Pageslarge dose of someone elses nationalism. This trend has been termed globalization and is generally considered a good thing. People can imagine a future without poverty and violence where almost everyone is happy and those who are not can do something about it without starting a war. The world is still far away from this utopian goal, but we are getting there slowly. I believe that one of the manifestations of globalization is the sense of a global society. The idea that the Internet presentsRead MoreEssay on Respons to the case of contamination1534 Words   |  7 PagesZhao Professor Ahuja ENGL 1004 Sept 16 2014 The acceleration of globalization has raised issues culture conformity and diversity throughout the world. These topics are argued drastically throughout the world. Apparently, issues relate to cultures will not simply defined by right or wrong because each coins have two sides and every culture have their own advantages and drawbacks. True, many people may claim that globalization has made this world smaller and the distinctions between nations orRead MoreThe Concept Of Cultural Erasure, Inequality And Violence1791 Words   |  8 PagesPostcolonialism: The Concept of Cultural Erasure, Inequality and Violence Colonization can be dated back to 1492 with the Spanish venture led by Columbus. Colonialism is defined as â€Å"The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically† (Oxford Dictionary).This expedition spread European influence worldwide, in places such as China, Lebanon, India, and Antigua. European influence is still prevalentRead MoreShimano, Inc. Essay example1544 Words   |  7 PagesShimano Inc. Case Questions: 1. Does Shimanos home base fit Porters definition of an advantaged location? 2. Did the advantages or disadvantages of its location change over time? If so, how did Shimano respond - does it fit Porters framework of a global strategy? 3. Would you recommend that Shimano develop additional functions in North America (besides sales and service) as it has in Asia and in Europe? Why or why not? November 16, 2011 International Business MBAD 6244 ProfessorRead MoreHow Multinational Corporations Are Becoming More Significant At The Worlds Business Markets2618 Words   |  11 Pagescultures. When multinational corporations require international business contacts to interact, it is critical for managers to demonstrate cultural sensitivity in order to meet business goals. In a world where crossing boundaries is routine, cultural intelligence becomes a vital ability and skill for managers, managers must adjust their managing styles between cultural and emotional intelligence. Management Styles The style of management a manager employs when managing an organization dependsRead MoreInculcate Ethical Values in Children to Protect the Nation from the Depleting Morals and Ethical Values Under the Shade of Globalization2378 Words   |  10 PagesWays and Means to inculcate Ethical Values in the children to protect the nation from the depleting morals and ethical values under the shade of Globalization `Children are our most valuable natural resource. -Herbert Hoover â€Å"India will be radiant when our children are free to dance in the rain- Azim H Premji, Chairman Wipro. â€Å"It is necessary that steps are taken to properly nurture them in the right direction at an early age, says Sriram Kannan. Introduction Ethical values generally refer toRead MoreThe Culture And Institutional Structures Of The Home Country1841 Words   |  8 PagesWhen globalization was introduced and the movement of international integration was supported by the changes in the economic environment, open the boards and gave the opportunity to the companies to expand their activities all over the world and the rise of multinational corporations commenced. This paper will try to explore the concept of the home country effects, how the culture and institutional structures of the home country can affect the policies and operation of a multinational firm in generalRead MoreInfluence Of International Culture On The Fashion Industry7108 Words   |  29 Pagesclothing, it is one of the most lucrative industries throughout the biosphere. It exemplifies an imperative fragment towards individuals expressing their identity. (Vidyadharghate 2015) Fashion is a replication of societal, monetary, dogmatic and cultural vicissitudes. It articulates avant-gardism, signifying the essence of the eras. (Zegheau, L 2014) Fashion, accommodates to everyone, men, women, children and infants. It can be differentiated into subdivisions; high fashion, couture, haute, mass

Characteristics Of Lilly As A Homosexual - 1244 Words

Characteristics of Lilly as a Homosexual Lilly discovers that she has an erotic and emotional connection to women as opposed to men. However, she does not want to reveal her sexual orientation to the society, rather makes it a secret affair. In school, she continues to study like a normal student leaving her nightlife out of the public limelight. She opts to live two lives; one that is known to the majority of the society and another that is a secret to her and friends. She is not willing to make her sexual orientation known to the people for fear of victimization by the society members. Moreover, Lilly is in denial of her sexual orientation at some point. In an attempt to try and be straight, she marries a gay man, but the marriage lasts for less than a year. The quest of trying and becoming a person she does not make one understand how she feels about her sexual orientation. Moreover, her marriage to a gay man confirms her fears of being a lesbian. Although she tries hard to try something out, it refuses to work; hence, opting to stick to her sexual orientation. Lilly uses her sexism to appeal to people in night clubs. As a lesbian, she poses nude photos as well as stripping in clubs for money. She also goes to lesbian clubs in Los Angeles since it is the place she feels contented. She engages in lesbian relationships in an attempt to satisfy her gratification for women. She lives the life of a lesbian without being suspected as a homosexual. Article Analysis In the 1950Show MoreRelatedWomen s Sexual Orientation Within The Society1249 Words   |  5 PagesLilly discovers that she has an erotic and emotional connection to women as opposed to men. However, she does not want to reveal her sexual orientation to the society, rather makes it a secret affair. Because she was scared she will be outcast from society. In school, she continues to study like any normal student, but she separated her school life from her night live. She opts to live two lives; one that is known to the majority of the society and another that is a secret to her and friends. SheRead MoreModern Family : Do Not Push And Marco Polo1455 Words   |  6 Pagesattempt to portray a more â€Å"Modern† contemporary view of American families. In both shows I watched: â€Å"Do Not Push† and â€Å"Marco Polo†. Modern Family deals with the traditional family as portrayed by the Dunphys with a mom, dad and three children; a homosexual family with one adopted dau ghter, the Printhett-Tuckers and a mixed marriage family with one child, the Pritchetts, an older white male remarried a much younger Colombian trophy wife who had a son from her first marriage. In the Modern Family nameRead MoreHuman Diversity1292 Words   |  6 Pagesas voting, education and equal pay. In America, thanks to the 19th amendment passed in 1920 which gives woman the right to vote, The Womans Educational Equity Act of 1974 which gives woman the right to attend any school without persecution and The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 which gives woman a leg up in their fight for equal pay, woman in America are well on their way to finally having the equal rights that they deserve. Another common taboo found in many cultures around the world and hasRead More`` Do Not Push `` And `` Marco Polo ``1811 Words   |  8 Pagesfabulous hysterical show that attempts to portray a more contemporary view of American families in both shows â€Å" Do not push† and â€Å"Marco polo†. Modern Family deals with the traditional family as a portrayed by the Dunphys, which is also shown the homosexual family lifestyles in the Princhett-Tuckers and mixed marriage in the Pritchetts, who are older and younger couple. There is a blended family made up of an older white male, a much younger Colombian trophy wife and her son from her first marriageRead MoreAn Analysis Of Esther And Plath s Life1947 Words   |  8 Pagesconvention of lightly disguising the identity of real people under a thin veneer and some fictitious names for the characters. Plath was no doubt familiar with the tradition. Often in the 1600s, writers would publish romance novels using the characterist ics of well-known aristocrats from Louis XIV’s court, but with different names. Bloom argues that when Plath describes how Esther entered an internship at Ladies Day, it may be based on Plath’s own internship at Mademoiselle. Philomena Guinea mayRead MoreEssay about C181 Course Study Guide2397 Words   |  10 Pages-Chief Executive -Head of State -World Leader -Legislative Role -Political Party Leader -Commander in Chief -How did these roles ‘evolve’ historically? Chapter 13 1. What are the primary functions of government bureaucracies? 2. What are the characteristics of any bureaucracy? 3. Why has the Federal Government bureaucracy grown? 4. What are the different types of bureaucracies? Give examples of each. -Cabinet Departments -Independent Agency -Regulatory Commission -Government Corporation 5. How doRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesProjecting into the future is often an educated guess at best. Trying to predict the exact composition of our workforce diversity is no exception, even though we know it will be a heterogeneous mix of males and females, whites and people of color, homosexuals and straights, many ethnic and religious groups, the disabled, and the elderly. The now-aging baby boom population has had a significant impact on the workforce. Commonly referred to as the â€Å"graying of the workforce,† more individuals are workingRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pageskey capability that HR professionals need is to be able to influence others and guide changes in organizations. Given the myriad HR-related changes affecting today’s organizations, HR professionals must be able to influence others. One study at Eli Lilly and Company found that influencing through relationship building, leadership, and e ffective communication are important HR competencies.44 Specific HR Knowledge and Expertise The idea that â€Å"liking to work with people† is the major qualification

Observation Infant and Toddler Development - 1568 Words

Observation: Infant and Toddler Development There are various factors that play a role in a child’s development. Based on several articles I will be discussing the physical, cognitive, and social development of infants and toddlers. The level of exposure to these various factors will determine how successful they develop in years to come. All children develop at their own rate and no two children are the same. The development of the child is based solely on child’s caregiver to provide these essential skills within their environment. Article Summary The article that I read discussed that when it comes to physical development there are three types of physical activity considered as play. Rhythmic stereotypies are the first activities which†¦show more content†¦Children who have a lower status are usually faced with high risk environments which impede their cognitive development. It seems as though the more access and exposure a child has the greater their chances are to develop cognitively. Infant Observation Review My observation of an infant included his physical, cognitive, and social development. The infant I observed was a nine month old boy. He weighed eighteen pounds and was 29 inches long. The infant has a little bit of hair and dark brown eyes. He was able to sit up by himself and crawl a short distance. He was able to drink a six once bottle in one sitting. He could grip my finger when I placed it in hand. With assistance the infant was able to stand up either by grabbing on to an object or by holding on to my hands. While standing he was able to take two steps forward with assistance and verbal prompting. He was able to identify his mother’s voice. When initiated the infant would smile and laugh. He also laughed when I played peek-a-boo with him. He began to start whining when he wanted a bottle and/or to be changed. It seems like the infant new the difference between his milk bottle and his water bottle. The infant was able to express various emotions when I initiated different scenarios. Any object given to the infant was automatically placed in hisShow MoreRelatedUniversal Needs Of Infants And Toddlers1651 Words   |  7 Pages Three universal needs of infants and toddlers Infancy is an important stage of life. At this stage, babies and toddlers will have universal developments or needs which can connect physical, cognitive, language, social, emotional domain of development. I would like to discuss three universal needs, which are important for the infant / toddler learning and development foundations. There are exploring the world, learning from observation, Infancy is one of the periods which has most exploring spiritRead MoreInfant Toddler Observation1282 Words   |  6 Pagespaper 6 scholarly research articles focusing on infant and/or toddler development will be discussed. These articles will cover physical, cognitive, and social or psychosocial development. A 30 minute observation of a 1month old (Willow) and a 13month old (Emmett) will be conversed, with particular focus on physical development including body shape and motor skills, cognitive development, and social development. The information obtained in the observations will be compared to the information obtainedRead MoreHow Do Infants And Toddlers Develop Their Cognitive Abilities?1372 Words   |  6 PagesHow do infants and toddlers develop their cognitive abilities? Essentially, the formative years of research on the aspect of cognitive growth in infants made certain assumptions, for instance, an infant growth was significantly simplified. However, modern research indicates that there is a complex pattern of cognitive development in infants. To answer the question, it is imperative to start by understanding what the cognitive aspect of the development of infants is. Ideally, infants and toddlersRead MoreUsing Video Based Techniques For Children Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesINVESTIGATING THE â€Å"WHAT, HOWS AND WHYS† OF RELATIONAL PEDAGOGY WITH INFANTS AND TODDLERS Summary: According to the study, Researchers from TLRI and teachers came together to find solution to the key issue of understanding and articulating the â€Å"what, hows and whys† of infants and toddlers to support learning. Two hour video footage and learning stories compiled by teacher for three or four children per centre across five infants and toddler care centre from Auckland and Wellington were used as practiceRead Morecompetency statement 3780 Words   |  4 PagesPennsylvania Department of Education Bureau of Career Technical Education CDA-Ready Certificate Documentation Infant/Toddler (Developed from The Child Development Associate: Assessment System and Competency Standards Infant/Toddler Caregivers in Center-based Programs, Second Edition,  ©2006, www.cdacouncil.org ). Student Name: _______________________________________________________________ School: Instructor: ___________________________________________________________ Instructor ContactRead MoreErikson s Stages Of Development And Child Directed Speech862 Words   |  4 Pagesmany more things. Their psychological development and interactions with their social environment change along with their forms of communication as they mature and learn; all of which can be seen and explained in Erikson’s stages of development and child-directed speech. According to Erik Erikson, a developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst, from birth to 1 year of age, children psychosocially go through the stage of Trust vs. Mistrust. At this stage infants either trust they will be taken careRead MoreThe Effects Of Language On The Development Of A Child1261 Words   |  6 PagesThe acquisition of language is essential to the development of a child. Though some children are born genetically mutated, specifically children with Down’s syndrome, the capabilities of acquiring language during developmental markers is far less than a child with just 21 chromosomes. Parents and/or guardians of infants and toddlers with Down’s syndrome believe that their child will one day be able to verbally communicate with them. They presume the possibility, but does research support their beliefsRead MoreMindful and Reflective Practice Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesThe resources presented helped me to learn ways to promote healthy development and wel l-being of all children and how to be an advocate for them. I believe this class enriched my knowledge about infant-toddler care and education to the point that I would most like to express to others its importance. One thing that I would like to share is that infant–toddler care and education is crucial for physical and cognitive development. The caregiver/parent interaction is necessary for the children to keepRead MoreEssay On Childcare1323 Words   |  6 Pages(EHS-CC) partnership program located in the Vermillion area. A very recent program started on January 1, 2017 that runs all year round and serves infants and toddlers starting from just six weeks old to two years old. There is currently a waiting list for children to be enrolled in the program, but are currently servicing eight toddlers and six infants. The Vermillion EHS-CC is open four to five days a week from 9:00-3:30 each day. The program also provides wrap around childcare from 8:00-9:00 andRead MoreInfant Toddler Curriculum Essay2106 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿In this term paper I will explore infant and toddler curriculum. I will discuss: the developmental themes in infancy, infant toddler curriculum, and the differences between preschool curriculum and appropriate infant toddler curriculum. In conclusion I will share some of my personal feelings about infant and toddler curriculum, including the challenges and rewards. Developmental Themes of Infancy ‘The behaviors and abilities that develop during each stage are influenced by the theme that consumes

Employment Relations Of France And Denmark-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Employment Relations Of France And Denmark? Answer: Introduction: The factors of the French unions highlight the presence of the socialists in the labor movement and the approaches of the employees (Wilkinson et al, 2014). France ranks the sixth in terms of the economic power in GDP. This country has a population of almost 64 billion and the rate of labor market is almost 64% (Feigenbaum, 2017). The employment of the female is increasing in the country and that of the young people is lessening due to school retention. The economic growth is very low compared to the other countries and the forms of employment have been changed by adapting temporary employment and part time employment. The intervention of the state is very important in employment relation of France. The state reflects the reluctance of the unions. However in the last thirty years a huge change have took place due to which the state is losing the position of the regulator in the employment relation of France (Suleiman, 2015). The employment relation of Denmark is different from that of France because this country has no labor code and has the freedom of membership (Fossum, 2014). The state is the minimum regulator of the employment relation of Denmark. In the recent years, the employment system of Denmark includes a system of wage bargaining (Wilkinson, Wood Deeg, 2014). The state has a less involvement in employment and is not the regulator to provide the employees the rights that in general belong to them. The role of the state in employment relation of Denmark is just the procedural legislation. This country has no governmental trade unions. The state consult with the unions, boards to take decision regarding the labor policy. The employment relation of Denmark has pressure from Europe and incorporates many European laws. The Tripartite committee is a process, which implements the rules by agreements and legislatures (Hauptmeier Vidal, 2014). Role of state in employment relation of France: The state is also a form of employer and influences the pay rates of the employment sector. The state is in charge of increasing the wages of the employees. The state is in charge of reducing the unemployment. The industrial relations of France are always uptight and are highly dominated by involvement of the state (Poole, 2013). This is because of the bargaining system that gave the companies autonomy to legislation of labor and collective agreements. France guarantees the people for a high extent of social protection and uses this key to border the inequality. The state here covers the social protection, which is funded by the tax financier and in thus way the economy of the country is controlled. Here the state is responsible for the social regulation of the employment relation of the country. The state is known as the guardian of the country and manager of the employment relation in France. In France, neither the employers not the unions have control on the employment relations n or is the state in charge of controlling the employment relation (Bamber et al, 2015). The country is fully dependent on the state, which takes care of the resources of employment relations. The state here influences the view of globalization in market and deliberately takes in to consideration the economy and welfare of the employment relations. The employment relation of France has great interference of the state. The state of France always played and is still playing the role of a guide and director in the employment relation since the year of 1980. France has a population of 65 million according to a research of 2010. This is one of the modern countries across the world. The state encourages the employment relation of the country to bend on the way to the market driven economy. The state also intervene the power supply, transport system and the telecommunication system of France along with privatizing many famous companies (Donaghey et al, 2014). However, the state has lessened its intervention in other sectors the labor market is still under the intervention of the state. The employment relation in this country is inclined by the demographics and to some extent by the political environment of the country. This country has an increasing number of female labors and according to a research is almost 52 percent (Bonoli, 2017). The economy of the country is state managed and the communists and the owners manage the employment relation of the country by paternalistic effective view. The role of the state is not only as manager of the employment relation but it is also effective in playing the role of the employer. The state reduces the unemployment of the country by employing labors and thus it becomes the employer of the employment relation. There are some privatizations in the employment relation of France but still this did not dominate the role of the state in the employment relation. The state played huge role in applying the collective bargaining system i n France employment relation. The state is the center of the organization of Frances employment relation and bridges the gap between the principal and labor (Fukuyama, 2017). Role of state in employment relation of Denmark: The state plays a significant role in the international relations of Denmark, as it is the employer in every public sector. Maybe the role of the state is limited but the role is very important. The state does not increase the employment here and nor the number of female employees are increasing here but this country has holidays like maternity and childbirth. The political parties exerts the influence one the employment system. In relation to the employment, the state is not an active part of the employment relation of Denmark but it has a significant role to play in the employment relation (Atkinson Storey, 2016). There are a few laws that the state has ushered which provide job security to the labors. Those laws instruct the employees that they have their own rights and they can use it for their wellbeing but this is where the role of the state ends. The concept of flexibility and security is enough to dismiss the employees without any expense. Due to the less involvement of the state the level of protection of the employees are low and the employees do not get any compensation even after they are unemployed on any basis (Atkinson Storey, 2016). The rules that the state has implemented for the job security provides help in generating beneficial systems and practicing an effective labor market, which allows the labor to save their monetary interest for future. The enterprises take care of the number of employees needed in every market condition but they do not provide any compensation but the trade unions provide the compensation to their employees whenever they get unemployed due to certain reasons. As there is a continuous unemployment system in the labor market of Denmark, there is a consequence about having high mobility among the labors (Atkinson, J., Storey, 2016). This country has the record of having a large number of new employees in every workplace. As the level of unemployment is very high, there is a certain benefit in the flexibility rate of t he labor market. The state considers all the expenses of the welfare of labor market in Denmark and there is an insurance system introduced by the state for the unemployed (OReilly Nazio Roche, 2014). The state influences the regulation of the employment relation for every working person in Denmark and has no discrimination regarding the originality of the labor and they are allowed to choose any law in their employee contract (Lee et al, 2017). The state has initiated an act named salaried employees act, which protects the salaries of the employees. In case the state does not cover the employment relationship then the legislation secondarily affects the collective bargaining system. The state also offers the employees the maternity and the females get paid off in before and after the pregnancy (Pfau-Effinger, 2017). The time span of the leave that they get is 4 weeks before and 14 weeks after the childbirth. The paternity leave is granted for 2 weeks after the childbirth. Though s urrogacy is an illegal practice in Denmark, the surrogate woman is allowed to have all the rights the other females have during childbirth (Heyes Lewis, 2014). Comparison of the two countries based on states role in employment relation: From the above discussion, it is very clear that the state plays two different kinds of roles in both the countries. State of France is the managing body of the employment relation and sometimes it plays the role of the employer, as another policy of the state of France is to reduce unemployment. The state handles all the important decision of the employment and labor market and is not dominated by the trade unions or the employers. Whereas, in Denmark the state is dominated by trade unions and employers and has to discuss with the board of employment about every decision. Still the state has introduced many laws for the wellbeing of the employees and has many acts, which provides the employees with lot of benefit. The state of Denmark has parental leave, pension, compensation and many other policies so that the employees are indirectly benefited by the state (Campbell Pedersen, 2014). The state is always in charge of the welfare of the countries and in both the countries, the role of state clearly indicates that not even a single state is free from the duty of maintaining welfare. State guides every decision regarding labor market in France and provides many laws to help the employees in Denmark. In France, it is directly the duty of the state to maintain the god will in labor market and introduces it to global market and in Denmark; the state indirectly helps the labor market to be enhanced. The labor market of Denmark is marked to be the most modern one whereas France is known as a country with less unemployed people around (Ring, Nissen Nielsen, 2017). The state of France is in charge of employing more female employees so that the ratio becomes the same. The state of France has adapted many settlement services and frameworks that initiate the employment relation of the country (Keynes, 2016). The state of France offers many facilities, strategies to keep up the level of employment system and have a effective labor market. Employment relation is to some ex tent managing the communication between the employer and employee and as the state itself, acts as an employer in France the relationship with the employees are generally managed without any problem (Brewster et al, 2017). The term of employment relation is basically managed by an organization but in France the state itself manages all the prospects of the employment relation. That of Denmark is actually maintaining the definition as here the state does not have any direct link to managing the employment relation and the organizations are in charge of managing the employment relations (Kim, 2017). The state of Denmark just provides the necessary support to the system of employment by some statutory assessments and policies. The state of Denmark just renders to the employees their rights and helps them to get those with the help of legal terms. The state does not have direct link with the employees as the state of France has but still the role of the state of Denmark cannot be kept a side (Atkinson Storey, 2016). The state makes sure that the employees are compensated due to the layoffs and make sure that the employees who get employment in another organization soon after their unemployment does not take undue favor of the compensation. The state of France makes sure that there is less involvement of the employers in the employment and does not practice the unemployment concept on a regular basis. An employment relationship has into context need of profit, work organization and resolving of prior issues. The state of France plays a vital role in incorporating all the issues and takes care that the employment relation of France is managed well. The employment relation has its own transition and the state of Denmark tends to manage every bothering context of the employees. The state of Denmark even indirectly stops the unemployment of female workers and allows them maternity leave so that they can have the right of their own and no employer can turn down female l abors. Managing employment relation is tough for the state of Denmark as there are trade unions and boards that do not allow the state to take any severe decision that is why the state uses the power that it has of setting laws and acts and uses it to benefit the employees. The employment system of France has the changing unions, employers, the state, employees and collective bargaining system; all of this controls the employment relation of the France (Gilpin, 2015). Among all of this, the effective role is of the state itself and it takes into consideration the other concepts. However, the employment relationship of Denmark is mostly dependent on the trade unions, employers and the board of employment (Atkinson Storey, 2016). The state of France has brought diversification of the employment relation and ushered regulations matching the standards of the workers. The state has also brought the development in employment relation of France. The state is an effective part of the emplo yment relation of France and helped to shape up the employment relations of France with other countries. The state of France has brought many new resources in the employment relation and those are the collective bargaining system, the individual training right and the modernization in the market (Atkinson Storey, 2016). Due to the state, the employment relation of France is reaching towards decentralization and has adapted more flexibility to manage labor market. However, the state of Denmark forbids the employers to put any wrong reason for layoffs and makes it mandatory for the employer to keep in mind all the legal right that the employees have to avoid any kind of consequences. Though the trade unions and employers play the most efficient role in developing the labor market, still the state has indirect hold on the employment relation and on the employers. The state of Denmark does not allow the employer to choose an employee and turn into layoff anytime they want because while the recruitment is done the employer needs to keep a broad record of the legal status of the employees as it helps the employer with the idea of the context of employment (Atkinson Storey, 2016). Only the employees who are executive officers have less amount of self-rights but that of the other employees are a long list and to avoid the employment terms which are not according to the law leads to penalty of the employers. Conclusion: In every employment relation, state plays either a direct or an indirect role. The state is in charge of exerting an influence on the development of every employment relation system. As it plays role in development of the labor administration, it even influences the function of employment relation system. In countries like France, the state plays a direct role in employment relation. The state tends to promote employment relation by adapting many frameworks and settlement services. The employees of Denmark are helped by the state in various means like parental rights, pension, adoption leave and many more. The state does not actually help the employees but indirectly the role it plays is not deniable. The state even takes care of the fact that no employee is compensated in special cases like those that if the employee is employed anywhere else they will not be compensated. The state only provides and allows compensation to employees who are unemployed and are not well accommodated. T he state of Denmark has a law that states that if an employee needs compensation they can apply for the same to their employers and the employer will have to compensate when the employees explain their condition within four months span from the unemployment date. Both the confidential and communal agendas are at risk in every employment relation system. The state reflects the reluctance of the unions. The state consult with the unions, boards to take decision regarding the labor policy. The state is a great player for every countrys employment relation system despite of having different roles in the employment relation system. The roles are maybe setting of some laws or employing more labors to reduce the unemployment. 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